New paradigm for low power telecommunications

I’m always a sucker for the nonlinear although I’m much more familiar with nonlinear narratives than I am with nonlinear photonics. From the July 15, 2012 news item on EurekAlert,

New research by Columbia Engineering demonstrates remarkable optical nonlinear behavior of graphene that may lead to broad applications in optical interconnects and low-power photonic integrated circuits. With the placement of a sheet of graphene just one-carbon-atom-thick, the researchers transformed the originally passive device into an active one that generated microwave photonic signals and performed parametric wavelength conversion at telecommunication wavelengths.

“We have been able to demonstrate and explain the strong nonlinear response from graphene, which is the key component in this new hybrid device,” says Tingyi Gu, the study’s lead author and a Ph.D. candidate in electrical engineering. “Showing the power-efficiency of this graphene-silicon hybrid photonic chip is an important step forward in building all-optical processing elements that are essential to faster, more efficient, modern telecommunications. And it was really exciting to explore the ‘magic’ of graphene’s amazingly conductive properties and see how graphene can boost optical nonlinearity, a property required for the digital on/off two-state switching and memory.”

Here’s one of the issues that scientists have been grappling with,

Until recently, researchers could only isolate graphene as single crystals with micron-scale dimensions, essentially limiting the material to studies confined within laboratories. “The ability to synthesize large-area films of graphene has the obvious implication of enabling commercial production of these proven graphene-based technologies,” explains James Hone, associate professor of mechanical engineering, whose team provided the high quality graphene for this study. “But large-area films of graphene can also enable the development of novel devices and fundamental scientific studies requiring graphene samples with large dimensions. This work is an exciting example of both—large-area films of graphene enable the fabrication of novel opto-electronic devices, which in turn allow for the study of scientific phenomena.”

Building on the work done by scientists such as Hone,this new group of researchers led by by Chee Wei Wong, professor of mechanical engineering, director of the Center for Integrated Science and Engineering, and Solid-State Science and Engineering at Columbia University, created a new device,

They have engineered a graphene-silicon device whose optical nonlinearity enables the system parameters (such as transmittance and wavelength conversion) to change with the input power level. The researchers also were able to observe that, by optically driving the electronic and thermal response in the silicon chip, they could generate a radio frequency carrier on top of the transmitted laser beam and control its modulation with the laser intensity and color. Using different optical frequencies to tune the radio frequency, they found that the graphene-silicon hybrid chip achieved radio frequency generation with a resonant quality factor more than 50 times lower than what other scientists have achieved in silicon.

“We are excited to have observed four-wave mixing in these graphene-silicon photonic crystal nanocavities,” says Wong. “We generated new optical frequencies through nonlinear mixing of two electromagnetic fields at low operating energies, allowing reduced energy per information bit. This allows the hybrid silicon structure to serve as a platform for all-optical data processing with a compact footprint in dense photonic circuits.”

That bit about the system parameters changing with input levels suggests a biological system responding sensitively to environmental inputs, e.g., when it gets hot, your body tries to cool itself down in a sensitive response to an input. Of course, that fanciful analogy doesn’t extend itself too far since the human body is trying to return to its internal balance point (homeostasis) which isn’t what the Columbia researchers are attempting to do with their device.

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