Tag Archives: ice

Café Scientifique (Vancouver, Canada) November 29, 2016 talk: Climate change and moving mountains

Vancouver (Canada) Café Scientifique’s next talk is at Yagger’s Downtown (433 W. Pender). From the November 19, 2016 notice received via email,

Our next café will happen on Tuesday November 29th, 7:30pm in the back room at Yagger’s Downtown (433 W Pender). Our speaker for the evening will be Dr. Michèle Koppes, from the Department of Geography at UBC. The title of her talk is:

Can climate change move mountains?

Climate change is causing more than warmer oceans and erratic weather. It can also change the shape of the planet. Glaciers are a fundamental link between climate and the tectonic and surface processes that create topography. Mountain ranges worldwide have undergone large-scale modification due the erosive action of ice, yet the mechanisms that control the timing of this modification and the rate by which ice erodes remain poorly understood. We find a wide range of erosion rates from individual ice masses over varying timescales, suggesting that modern erosion rates exceed long-term averages by two to three orders of magnitude. We also see that glaciers in Patagonia erode 1000 times faster than they do in Antarctica today. These modern rates are likely due to the dynamic acceleration of these ice masses as air and ocean temperatures warmed and they retreated over the past few decades. The repercussions of this erosion add to the already complex effects of climate change in polar and high mountain regions. Shrinking and accelerating glaciers destabilize slopes upstream, increasing the risk of landslides, and deposit more sediment in downstream basins, potentially impacting fisheries, dams and access to clean freshwater in mountain communities. And the dramatic increase in modern erosion rates suggest that glaciers in the Canadian Arctic, one of the most rapidly warming regions in the world, are on the brink of a major shift that will see them speeding up and eroding faster as temperatures warm above 0ºC.

Michele Koppes is an Assistant Professor in Geography at UBC, a Canada Research Chair Tier II in Landscapes of Climate Change, a faculty affiliate at IRES and a Senior TED Fellow. Her passion is forensic geomorphology: the art of reading landscapes to decipher the forces that shaped them.  Her particular expertise is in glaciers, and their impact in shaping mountains and polar regions at a variety of time scales, from last year to the last million years. Her research focus is two-fold: to determine the efficacy of glaciers as agents of erosion, and to determine the climatic and oceanic drivers of glaciations in high mountains and coastal settings. She has current field projects in high places all over the world, from BC to Patagonia, Alaska, the Himalayas, Greenland and Antarctica, where her team combines detailed field observations with numerical modeling of ice-ocean dynamics and glacier mass balance.

Have fun!

Mimicking nature’s ‘anti-freeze’

Some frogs can survive being frozen for weeks and that’s the property scientists at the University of Leeds (UK) are trying to mimic according to a May 19, 2016 news item on Nanowerk (Note: A link has been removed),

The new research, published today [May 18, 2016] in the print edition of the Journal of Physical Chemistry B (“Low-Density Water Structure Observed in a Nanosegregated Cryoprotectant Solution at Low Temperatures from 285 to 238 K”), reveals how glycerol prevents ice crystals from forming in water as the solution is cooled to -35°C, with important implications for improving cryoprotectants used in fertility treatments and food storage.

A May 19, 2016 University of Leeds press release (also on EurekAlert), which originated the news item, provides more detail (Note: A link has been removed),

Dr Lorna Dougan from the University’s School of Physics and Astronomy, who leads the research group, said: “The experiments provide more insight into the fundamental properties of water. It raises questions about what cryoprotectants are doing in living organisms and could help us take steps to understanding how these organisms survive.

“If we understand what glycerol is doing we might be able to fine-tune some of these cryoprotectants that are used to find more effective combinations.”

Cryoprotectant molecules, including glycerol, play an important role in protecting cells and tissues from harmful ice crystals when they are cooled to sub-zero temperatures during freeze storage. Experts have adopted the use of cryoprotectants in fertility treatments and food storage, but not as effectively as in nature.

It is the ability of organisms that can survive in extreme cold environments – known as ‘psychrophiles’ – that inspired the team of physicists to unpick the biological rules that allow their survival.

In winter months, for example, the Eastern Wood frog in North America survives being frozen to temperatures as low as -8°C for weeks, and then in spring thaws out and continues to live perfectly healthily.

To understand how reptiles like the Eastern Wood frog can freeze and thaw, the team used a Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) instrument called SANDALS that was purpose-built for investigating the structure of liquids and amorphous materials.

They wanted to answer the fundamental question of how cryoprotectants alter the structure of water at low temperatures, as it is the water structure that is so important in leading to potential ice damage.

The SANDALS instrument allowed the team to see, at the molecular level, that the water and glycerol segregated into clusters. When they looked in more detail, they found the water looked similar to a low density form of itself, showing all the signs it was about to freeze but then it did not. Instead, the glycerol molecules encapsulated the water, preventing the formation of an icy network.

The team will now use these results as a platform for discovering the next generation of cryoprotectants.

Here’s a link to and a citation for the paper,

Low-Density Water Structure Observed in a Nanosegregated Cryoprotectant Solution at Low Temperatures from 285 to 238 K by J. J. Towey, A. K. Soper, and L. Dougan. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2016, 120 (19), pp 4439–4448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b01185 Publication Date (Web): March 18, 2016

Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society

This paper is behind a paywall.

I did search for images of Eastern Wood Frogs but they have to be paid for. These frogs must be a very much in demand as I’ve haven’t encountered this before. You can usually find what you want on Wikipedia or on a frog enthusiast site. It’s not an Eastern one but here’s a Wood Frog (from Wikipedia),

Lithobates sylvaticus (Woodfrog) Date: 3 July 2011, 19:31 Author:Brian Gratwicke This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.

Lithobates sylvaticus (Woodfrog)
Date: 3 July 2011, 19:31
Author: Brian Gratwicke
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.